Electronic waste and environmental toxicology: Assessing health and ecological risks in Nigeria and Sub-Saharan Africa

In the twenty-first century, electronic waste has become one of the most pressing environmental issues in Sub-Saharan Africa and Nigeria. The sources, composition, and environmental fate of electronic trash over the region are investigated in this comprehensive study using thirty-nine (39) previous studies, with a special focus on toxic substance exposure routes and related health dangers. Research shows that Nigeria and the neighbouring countries have an abundance of e-waste, both imported and domestically manufactured, which contains harmful materials like lead, mercury, cadmium, and flame retardants. These substances enter environmental systems and influence soil, water, and air quality via complex exposure paths caused by improper disposal practices, illegal recycling initiatives, and open burning. Neural disorders, respiratory issues, developmental abnormalities, and reproductive health problems are among the serious health repercussions, which disproportionately affect children and workers in the informal sector. Case studies from large e-waste processing facilities demonstrate the high level of contamination, while regulatory analysis reveals significant shortcomings in legislative frameworks and enforcement procedures. The study concludes that fighting e-waste needs all-around answers to protect people's health and the environment in the area. Better laws, new technologies, public awareness campaigns, and working together across borders should all be part of these answers.