Gender roles in modern parenting: A comparative study of working mothers and fathers who remain at home in urban societies

This study examines the evolving gender roles in modern parenting, focusing on the experiences of stay-at-home fathers (SAHFs) and working mothers (WMs) in urban societies. Through a mixed-methods approach, the research explores societal perceptions, challenges, and the impact of role reversal on family dynamics. Findings reveal that SAHFs face stigma and social isolation due to traditional masculinity norms, while WMs encounter workplace discrimination and the "second shift" of balancing career and domestic responsibilities. Despite these challenges, role reversals contribute to more egalitarian relationships and positive child development outcomes. The study underscores the need for policy reforms, workplace flexibility, and societal shifts to support non-traditional parenting roles. Recommendations include gender-neutral parental leave, inclusive support networks, and educational initiatives to promote gender equality in caregiving.