Investigating the role of modifiable risk factors in cardiovascular disease outcomes: A statistical analysis using BRFSS data

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major global health challenge, influenced by various demographic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle factors. Understanding the role of modifiable risk factors is crucial for developing targeted public health interventions. This study investigates the predictors of CVD using data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), with a focus on identifying high-risk populations and key modifiable contributors.

Methods: A generalized linear model (GLM) with a logit link was applied to BRFSS data, comprising 169,982 observations. Key predictors, including age, sex, race, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and residential setting, were assessed for their associations with CVD. Odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to evaluate the strength and significance of these predictors.

Results: Age was the strongest predictor of CVD, with individuals aged 45 and above having over 10 times higher odds (OR = 10.09, p < 0.001) compared to those aged 18–44. Men exhibited a higher prevalence of CVD (6.37%) than women (3.83%), and white individuals showed higher odds of CVD compared to minority groups. Modifiable lifestyle factors were significant: smoking and alcohol use increased CVD risk, while regular exercise demonstrated a protective effect (p < 0.001). Additionally, rural residents had a slightly higher prevalence of CVD than urban residents, underscoring healthcare disparities across residential settings.

Conclusion: This study highlights the critical role of age, sex, race, and lifestyle behaviors in CVD outcomes. Tailored public health strategies targeting older adults, men, and rural populations are essential. Interventions promoting smoking cessation, reduced alcohol use, and increased physical activity can substantially reduce CVD risk. These findings reinforce the importance of addressing healthcare disparities and advancing evidence-based strategies to mitigate the burden of cardiovascular disease.