Orbital tumors: the relationship of histopathological examination results and clinical characteristics: A literature review

Orbital tumors, which can be neoplastic or non-neoplastic, vary in their clinical impact, ranging from cosmetic concerns to severe complications like vision loss or death in metastatic cases. These tumors are classified based on their cellular origin, including hematolymphoid, vascular, neurogenic, and others, to aid in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Clinically, orbital tumors present with symptoms such as proptosis, decreased visual acuity, diplopia, pain, and inflammation, which are key diagnostic indicators. Early detection through imaging techniques like MRI and CT scans, along with histopathological examination, is crucial for effective management and preserving vision. Globally, benign orbital tumors are more common than malignant ones, with idiopathic orbital inflammation being the most frequent benign tumor. However, the prevalence and characteristics of orbital tumors are underreported in regions like Indonesia, indicating a need for better regional awareness. Histopathological examination is the gold standard for diagnosis, and its integration with clinical evaluation improves tumor identification and management. The review emphasizes the need for further studies to explore the relationship between clinical features and histopathology, which could improve early detection, diagnostic accuracy, and treatment strategies for orbital tumors.