Silicon Micro- and Nanoparticles: Size-Dependent Physicochemical Properties and Toxicological Implications

Silicon-based micro- and nanoparticles are now widely used in fields like medicine, industry, agriculture, and the environment because of their special properties. Research shows that the size of these particles has a big impact on how they react, interact with living things, move through the body, and cause toxic effects. This review brings together what is currently known about how the size of silicon and silica particles affects their properties, how they are made and studied, and how they cause biological and toxic effects. It focuses on issues like oxidative stress, inflammation, lung toxicity, how the particles spread in the body, and how long they last. The review also looks at regulatory challenges and ways to design safer materials. Understanding how size affects both the usefulness and risks of these materials is key to making sure they are developed safely and responsibly.