Determinants of Adoption and Technical Efficiency of Biofortified Crops among Smallholder Farmers in North-Central Nigeria

Biofortified crops have emerged as a critical innovation for addressing micronutrient deficiencies and improving food security across sub-Saharan Africa. In Nigeria, where malnutrition remains prevalent, biofortified varieties of maize, cassava, and sweet potato offer potential pathways for enhancing dietary quality while improving smallholder productivity. Yet, adoption among rural farming households is uneven, and understanding the determinants of adoption alongside the technical efficiency of producers is essential for scaling these innovations. This study examines the factors influencing adoption and technical efficiency of biofortified crops among smallholder farmers in North-Central Nigeria. Using cross-sectional survey data combined with stochastic frontier analysis, the research identifies household socioeconomic characteristics, access to extension services, credit availability, and awareness campaigns as key drivers of adoption decisions. Findings indicate that education, farm size, and participation in farmer-based organizations significantly increase the likelihood of adopting biofortified varieties. In terms of efficiency, results show that adopters of biofortified crops achieve higher output per unit of input compared to non-adopters, highlighting the productivity benefits of improved varieties. However, inefficiency persists due to constraints such as limited access to quality seed, poor storage facilities, and inadequate market linkages. Policy implications underscore the need for strengthening extension services, promoting credit schemes tailored for smallholders, and integrating biofortified crops into government-led food and nutrition programs. By addressing both adoption determinants and efficiency constraints, stakeholders can enhance the dual role of biofortified crops in reducing malnutrition and increasing farm-level productivity, contributing to broader food security goals in Nigeria.