Barriers and Policy Gaps in U.S. Film Plastics Recycling: A Scoping Review Toward Reform

Film plastics are recycled at approximately 2% in the United States despite a federal goal of 50% by 2050. Previous studies have examined the technical, economic, infrastructure, and policy factors associated with this low recycling rate. However, there remains limited evidence on the barriers and policy gaps affecting film plastics recycling in the United States. This study systematically mapped and synthesized the literature on these barriers and policy gaps. This scoping review, conducted in line with PRISMA-ScR guidelines, identified 30 peer-reviewed and grey literature sources published from 2015 to 2026. Data were extracted and analyzed using thematic analysis. Across the literature, technical barriers were the most consistently documented, while policy studies were relatively few. Recycling was constrained by sorting limitations, contamination, processing capacity, and multilayer film design. Economic studies showed that recycling performance depended heavily on market conditions and end-market demand. The review also found no coordinated federal producer responsibility framework and continued uncertainty over the regulation of chemical recycling. The findings suggest that improving film plastics recycling will require policy reforms alongside technological advances, particularly clearer federal policy to support collection systems, infrastructure investment, and market development.